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金泉(quan)電力談及變(bian)壓(ya)器由(you)鐵芯(xin)（或磁(ci)芯(xin)）和線圈組(zu)(zu)成(cheng)，線圈有(you)兩個(ge)或兩個(ge)以上(shang)的(de)(de)繞組(zu)(zu)，其中接電源(yuan)的(de)(de)繞組(zu)(zu)叫初級(ji)線圈，其余(yu)的(de)(de)繞組(zu)(zu)叫次(ci)級(ji)線圈。它可(ke)以變(bian)換交流電壓(ya)、電流和阻抗(kang)。最(zui)簡(jian)單的(de)(de)鐵心(xin)變(bian)壓(ya)器由(you)一(yi)個(ge)軟磁(ci)材料做(zuo)成(cheng)的(de)(de)鐵心(xin)及套在鐵心(xin)上(shang)的(de)(de)兩個(ge)匝(za)數不(bu)等的(de)(de)線圈構成(cheng)。

鐵(tie)心(xin)的(de)作用(yong)(yong)是(shi)加強兩個線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)間的(de)磁(ci)(ci)耦合。為了減少鐵(tie)內(nei)渦(wo)流(liu)和(he)磁(ci)(ci)滯損(sun)耗，鐵(tie)心(xin)由涂漆的(de)硅鋼(gang)片疊壓而成;兩個線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)之(zhi)間沒(mei)有電(dian)(dian)的(de)聯系，線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)由絕(jue)緣銅線(xian)(xian)（或鋁(lv)線(xian)(xian)）繞成。一(yi)個線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)接(jie)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)源稱為初(chu)級(ji)(ji)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)（或原(yuan)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)），另一(yi)個線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)接(jie)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)稱為次級(ji)(ji)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)（或副(fu)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)）。實際的(de)變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)是(shi)很復雜(za)的(de)，不可(ke)避免(mian)地存(cun)在銅損(sun)（線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)電(dian)(dian)阻發(fa)熱）、鐵(tie)損(sun)（鐵(tie)心(xin)發(fa)熱）和(he)漏(lou)磁(ci)(ci)（經空(kong)(kong)氣閉合的(de)磁(ci)(ci)感(gan)應線(xian)(xian)）等，為了簡化討論這里只介(jie)紹(shao)理(li)想變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)。理(li)想變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)成立的(de)條(tiao)件是(shi)：忽略漏(lou)磁(ci)(ci)通，忽略原(yuan)、副(fu)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)電(dian)(dian)阻，忽略鐵(tie)心(xin)的(de)損(sun)耗，忽略空(kong)(kong)載電(dian)(dian)流(liu)（副(fu)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)開路原(yuan)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)中的(de)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)）。例如電(dian)(dian)力變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)在滿載運行時（副(fu)線(xian)(xian)圈(quan)(quan)(quan)輸(shu)出額定功(gong)率）即(ji)接(jie)近理(li)想變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)情況。

變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)是(shi)利用(yong)電(dian)磁(ci)感應原(yuan)(yuan)理制成的靜止用(yong)電(dian)器(qi)。當變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)的原(yuan)(yuan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈接在交(jiao)流電(dian)源上時，鐵心中便產(chan)生(sheng)交(jiao)變(bian)磁(ci)通，交(jiao)變(bian)磁(ci)通用(yong)φ表示。原(yuan)(yuan)、副(fu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈中的φ是(shi)相同的，φ也是(shi)簡諧函數(shu)，表為(wei)φ=φmsinωt。由(you)法拉第電(dian)磁(ci)感應定律可知，原(yuan)(yuan)、副(fu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈中的感應電(dian)動勢為(wei)e1=-N1dφ/dt、e2=-N2dφ/dt。式中N1、N2為(wei)原(yuan)(yuan)、副(fu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈的匝(za)數(shu)。由(you)圖可知U1=-e1，U2=e2（原(yuan)(yuan)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈物理量用(yong)下角(jiao)標(biao)1表示，副(fu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈物理量用(yong)下角(jiao)標(biao)2表示），其復有效(xiao)值為(wei)U1=-E1=jN1ωΦU2=E2=-jN2ωΦ，令(ling)k=N1/N2，稱變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)的變(bian)比。由(you)上式可得U1/ U2=-N1/N2=-k，即變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)原(yuan)(yuan)、副(fu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈電(dian)壓(ya)有效(xiao)值之比，等于其匝(za)數(shu)比而且原(yuan)(yuan)、副(fu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈電(dian)壓(ya)的位相差為(wei)π。